The Effects of Social Change and Religious Conflicts in Nigeria [56], The activities in those times had led to the loss of lives and properties as they moved about destroying government facilities which they saw as legacies or replica of western cultures in their various communities. Journal of education and practice,6(2), pp.117-129. PDF The Impact of Ethnic and Religious Diversity on Nigeria's Development But we must understand that the basis for a religious conflict is one to different ideologies, beliefs, values etc. The report is sponsored by the United States Institute of Peace (USIP), which has a long-term commitment to peacebuilding in Africa. Help our local partners realise their vision of hope for their communities. Another way dialogue can be carried out is through education to reconcile Christians and Muslim communities who are still living with pain from religious conflicts [9]. Violent clashes between Yoruba traditional worshippers and Hausa groups in Sagamu, Ondo state. Dr. Benjamin Udeh Religious Conflicts in Northern Nigeria: a Critical Analysis - Jstor Thus, concerns for the upcoming 2015 election are widespread. Available at https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/. But specifically, the first two are notable while the last is not notable. India Quarterly Then inferential analysis with the statistical significance set at p<0.05 was employed after stratification by the yes/no answers to acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines. This research evaluated the effects of social change and religious conflicts; and the impacts on Nigeria's civil democracy and national integration. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was a major Islamic uprising led by Maitatsine and his followers, Yan Tatsine that led to several thousand deaths. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Biswas, N, Mustapha, T, Khubchandani, J, and Price, JH. While concern/worry about infection was associated with increased acceptance of the vaccine, this relationship however was not statistically significant. It will make central political power less attractive and less corrupt and contests over national political offices less contentious. The effects of this conflict are far-reaching and have eroded social and political stability, resulting in a threat to national security. Religion; is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural system, and world views that humanity to an order of existence.29, Conflict; A serious incompatibility between two or more opinions, principles, or interests.30, Nigeria; A republic in West Africa: members of commonwealth of nations formerly a British colony and protectorate. ", "Understanding Boko Haram A Theology of Chaos: by Chris Ngwodo", Violence in Nigeria: The Crisis of Religious Politics and Secular Ideologies. Med. There is a need to address the fear of vaccine side-effects by inculcating more open and interactive methods of information dissemination, while also addressing the misconceptions or myths surrounding COVID-19 vaccines. Do religious symbols exacerbate or mitigate conflict, especially during an electoral season? Nigerias two dominant parties abandoned an informal pact that has rotated power between north and south, papering over the deeper, wider problem of ensuring real political inclusion among Nigerias disparate regions and communities. The acceptance among HCWs only barely improved on that of the general populations in certain places and in fact was found to be less than that of the general population by some studies (14). doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.06.020, 21. Section 1 assessed socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents including: age, sex, marital status, profession, educational status, and income. Drawing on new primary research conducted by the author in Iraq, Syria, and Nigeria, and existing research on disengagement and reintegration, this report underscores the challenges of administering rehabilitation programs in conditions of chronic insecurityand of doing so at a scale sufficient to make a difference to hundreds or even thousands of people in short order. There is a significant relationship between marital status and vaccination (p=0.001, Chi square value=13.996). It has explained what conflict is and what religious conflict is and not only that, but has also explained it within the scope. A good number of respondents had either suffered from suspected COVID-19 disease or were aware of family, friends or colleagues that had suffered from the condition. Hilary Anderson, in "Two COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among HCWs and its socio-demographic determinants in Abia state, South-Eastern Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Faced with Boko Haram, Cameroon weighs death penalty for terrorism. The violence has its roots in ethnic tensions between the state's Muslim and non-Muslim populations. Chi-square tests were used to assess the association between different variables and acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines. On Day 5 of #ReligiousFreedomWeek the @USCCB invites us to pray that herders and farmers in Nigeria, whose conflict has fueled religious tensions, may find the means to compromise and work out their differences in a non-violent manner. The relationship between sex and acceptance of vaccine was however not significant (p=0.216; Chi-square value: 1.532). In 1978 when many Northern Nigerian Muslim delegates to a constitutional conference sought to extend Sharia beyond the realm of family law, Christian delegates protested, and the Sharia debate almost tore the conference apart. In the same decade, the military ruler of Nigeria, General Ibrahim Babangida, enrolled Nigeria in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. Religion is also considered as an act of leaving certain things in order to be submitted to others, maybe to a supreme being (relinquere).6. The use of religious and ethnic appeals as tools of political mobilization will become less attractive and find a diminished reception in a climate of justice, equitable resource distribution, and equal opportunities for all. Religious Conflicts and Education in Nigeria: Implications for National Security. As a result, in Northern Nigeria, minority ethnic groups, mostly Christians, defined and still define themselves against the Muslim Hausa-Fulani majority, under the political rubric of Middle Belt, which is usually a stand-in for non-Muslim.. In Nigeria a couple of published works on willingness to accept the vaccine has put the acceptance rate at 66.2% (15), 55.5% (16), 48.6% (17), and 40% (18). (55.5%) (16) who also studied HCWs. This finding is similar to that found in a study by Adejumo et al. Ushe, U.M., 2015. This proportion among the health elite of the country portends a poorer outcome in the general population. More people however were aware of a family member or friend that had suffered from COVID-19 disease (59%). Onyedika-Ugoeze, N. COVID-19 vaccination: NPHCDA boss commends Nigerian media, religious leaders for roles played. In one instance there was an evangelical campaign organised by the FCS and brought into question why one sect should dominate the campus of the Kaduna State College of Education in Kafanchan. This finding is also similar to that of Adejumo et al. There is a need for stake-holders in the Nigerian public health sector to devise means to reasonably address present misconceptions and misinformation about the COVID-19 disease and vaccines. Nigeria: Information about a riot on 14 October 1991 at a meeting with the German evangelist Reinhard Bounike in Kano. Gofwen, R.I., 2004. Most respondents believed COVID-19 to be a serious infection with the potential to cause death (82%). Lone, SA, and Ahmad, A. COVID-19 pandemic an African perspective. Education, fighting corruption, and addressing roots of conflict and strengthening doi: 10.24171/j.phrp.2021.0023. Ethnic and religious crises in Nigeria: A specific analysis upon identities (19992013). The work is of the view that religion can be useful in society, depending on how it is handled by the adherents. Table 3 shows factors associated with acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine. Vaccines. (2021) 40:10. doi: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.10.29816, 20. This seems to agree with the view of Coser as cited by Okai (2007) thus: At the national level, the APC is running on the themes of security and anticorruption, the PDP on the theme of transformation. This research work mainly aims at determining the solution to religious bigotry which is a mechanism for violence, conflict and crises. Canada joins effort to free Nigerian schoolgirls. USIP has a variety of newsletters and announcements with the latest analysis, publications and events. This may be because at the time of our study the morbidity patterns of COVID-19 have been better understood than earlier in the pandemic. According to Wood, For a group or philosophy to be protected as a religion under current human right legislation in the United Kingdom, it must be able to demonstrate a combination of (a) belief and/or conviction, (b) practice and/or ethics, and (c) a sense of belonging or community. The terrorist organisation is ranked the 4th deadliest terror group [3] in the world and aims to establish an Islamic state in northern Nigeria. What are the consequences of a polarized election? But we cant do it without you: Our fiscal year ends on June 30, and we need your help to reach our funding goal to ensure we can continue our work. PDF The Effects of Religious Crisis on Economic Development in Nigeria - HRMARS National Institutes of Health. Am J Infect Control. doi: 10.7759/cureus.19801, 16. St. Kevins Catholic Church was also attacked and partly burnt; windows of the new hospital complex under construction, in the same premises, were shattered. Implications of Religious Conflicts on Peace, National Security and This Ukrainian woman rescued dogs as she fled war. This finding is consistent with the findings of the study in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka (26) and other much more global studies on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among HCWs (20, 27). THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL CHANGE AND RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS IN NIGERIA: IMPACTS ON CIVIL DEMOCRACY AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION Dr. Patricia Ogugua Anwuluorah Department of Religion and Cultural Studies, Nwafor Orizu College of Education, Nsugbe Rev. Nigerias electoral commission is working to fix problems in a vote management system that failed to transparently process and report a result on February 25. Furthermore, the inability of the government to manage the challenges faced also pose another form of problem. Data was collected using structured online Google forms. The data is collected in a way that does not directly identify anyone. by providing security and. As noted in Table 3, the three major reasons for vaccine refusal/hesitancy were fear of side-effects (66.7%), concern about efficacy of the vaccines (64.4%) and lack of adequate information on the available vaccines (40%). (2020) 9:13008. In Northern Nigeria, clashes between Muslim groupsmainly ethnic Hausa and Fulaniand Christian and traditionalist communities have become a monthly affair, with devastating consequences. The Christians and the Muslims adherents have fought wars in Nigeria than they had actually sought, for peace, thereby threatening peaceful co-existence, national security, and economic development in the country. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Health, Research and Ethical Committee of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, UNTH, Enugu, Nigeria. The colossal lose to violent religious conflicts in Nigeria did not end with loss of lives and properties. Nigerias latest elections heighten the countrys need for a reset of its democracy. However in Nigeria, religious conflict does not only carry religious motive but also politically inclined such that according to Marshall, recently, the president of Nigeria was forceful in saying the Nigerian conflict has nothing to do intrinsically with religion, that is used as an excuse by politicians' 10. Make your tax-deductible gift today to support The Worlds independent, human-centered journalism. What are the interfaith efforts to ameliorate or mitigate ethno-religious conflict? All of the respondents had either completed the tertiary level of education (67%) or were at the postgraduate level (33%) and most respondents were either medical doctors (63%) or nurses (24%). Within the framework of the theory of social conflict, this paper took a critical look at the causes, dimensions and effects of the perennial religious conflicts in northern Nigeria. anc, H. and Odukoya, O.A., 2016. (16) who found the perceived risk of COVID-19 to be significantly associated with acceptance of vaccines. Official graft needs to be tackled headlong. Luo, C, Yang, Y, Liu, Y, Zheng, D, Shao, L, Jin, J, et al. How might recent patterns of extremist violencewith ethno-religious implicationsaffect this election? Hesitancy rate of 50.5% was seen in a similar study on HCWs in Abia (19). While 57% either had not suffered or were not sure if they had suffered from a previous COVID-19 infections. These structures are perceived as incompatible with modernity and its pluralist values17.Therefore, the removal of God therefore, as perceptibly done by the west, is an invitation to jihad in contemporary society18. During the corona-virus pandemic, they have been producing and selling hundreds of facemasks to protect their community in Jos. / among 24,952 HCWs revealed that the vaccination willingness was 51% (20). However, what is the solution? Capital: Abuja. Ningi School (Bauchi State), maintained 400+ pupils of equal proportion from Muslim and Christian villages. African Religion and Christanity in a changing world: A comparative approach, Nsukka. It could be define as a bond, which binds the visible, and the invisible worlds (religare). The UNHCR in partnership with 70 organizations is working towards alleviating the effects of the conflict in Nigeria. 6. It occurred mainly because British colonizers desired a contiguous colonial territory stretching from the arid Sahel to the Atlantic Coast, and because Northern Nigeria, one of the merging units, was not paying its way while Southern Nigeria, the other British colony, generated revenue in excess of its administrative expenses. It argues that colonialism, divergent perception of the Nigerian state . Information obtained from the study was handled confidentially. Challenges in creating herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection by mass vaccination. In 2002, the Nigerian journalist Isioma Daniel wrote an article that led to the demonstrations and violence that caused the deaths of over 200 in Kaduna,[68][69][70] as well as a fatwa placed on her life. The predominant reason for receiving the vaccine was the belief that vaccination was protective against the infection (32%). Abstract The study is an attempt to examine the perennial incidents of religious crises in Nigeria which is ever on the increase, claiming hundreds of lives, destroying properties worth millions of naira. Chad armoured column heads for Cameroon to fight Boko Haram. CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction Many will attest to it that the Jos crisis vividly exemplifies or by locus classicus describes a rancorous experience against religious intolerance. The situation is exasperated by the governments failure to manage land. The African Unions African vaccine acquisition trust (AVAT) initiative. Spectrum Books Limited. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The WHO also in conjunction with the different national health agencies in the member nations rallied to mount the highest possible medical defence. In a speech in the European Parliament, in October 2022, bishop Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe, of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Makurdi, compared the situation of Christians in his country to "nothing short of a Jihad clothed in many names: terrorism, kidnappings, killer herdsmen, banditry, other militia groups" and called on the international community to abandon what he termed a "conspiracy of silence" on the subject. The 2011 presidential election split the country along ethno-religious-regional lines. The approach necessarily needs to be adapted to become more open, targeted to specific groups based on their prevailing fears/concerns, engaging interactively with concerned individuals in order to disperse these fears with evidence-backed information. 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Orthopaedic Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; 2 Final Year Medical Student, University of Nigeria (UNN), Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Background: COVID-19 disease spread at an alarming rate, and was declared a pandemic within 5 months from the first reported case. . Wang, Q, Yang, L, Jin, H, and Lin, L. Vaccination against COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of acceptability and its predictors. These differences have been a source of political disagreements and suspicions between the two regions since colonial times. Why the Cartoon Protest turned Lethal in Northern Nigeria. African Studies Quarterly,18(3), pp.21-23. WHO validates Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use and issues interim policy recommendations World Health Organization. HCWs in Enugu metropolis aged 18years and above were engaged in the study. knowledge through instruction to effect discipline and maturity of the mind. Global Terror Index 2019, Measuring the Impact of Terrorism by the Institute for Economics and Peace. This is in line with the finding by Adejumo et al. Nigeriaits vast population evenly split between Muslim and Christianis counting down to another presidential election, scheduled for February 2015. As a result, there needs to be both a top-down and bottom-up approach to resolving the religious conflict. With the failure of governance and development, an ever increasing number of ethnic militias, separatist groups and millenarian religious movements are being mobilized, both for self-defense and for pressing ideological and practical goals11. Examples are the Kafanchan-Kaduna crisis of the 1980s and 1990s; the Kaduna Sharia riots of 2000 and the Bauchi riots in 2001, both caused by the introduction of Sharia law in those states; as well as the 2001 riots in Jos, caused by a governmental appointment [2]. . The religious element of this conflict and the rise in extremist Islamic ideology is often not given enough emphasis, but it is a third and significant factor. Thus, trust can be slowly rebuilt. And even the etymological definitions were words of various individuals and therefore can be criticized as subjective views which is in negative to the objective word called religion. The desperate advancement of religious solutions to socioeconomic and political problems has deepened social fissures and spawned extremist and violent insurgencies such as the ongoing Boko Haram Islamist terrorist campaign, which has killed and maimed Christians and Muslims alike. Responses were obtained from individuals who voluntarily consented to participate by answering the questionnaires. Holman, Michael (24 February 1986) "Nigeria, Politics; Religious Differences Intensify". Nigerias disputed election 12 days ago is raising protest at home and concern abroad over its implications for the strength of democracy in that country and across Africa. Religious conflict between Muslims and Christians has erupted several times since 2000 for various reasons, often causing riots with several thousands of victims on both sides. But all these etymological sayings are not enough to explain the divers religion of the present with the atheistic, Godless philosophical religions and the pantheistic religions, therefore, all these ways are nominal and etymological definitions; they are important but not sufficient7. These will be set only if you accept. Muslim Northern Nigerians have sometimes been targeted in revenge killings in Southern Nigeria. (PDF) Religious Crises in Nigeria: Manifestation, Effect and the Way However, blocking some types of cookies may impact your experience of the site and the services we are able to offer. The first phase targeted HCWs, supporting staff, frontline workers and other first respondents (12). eds., 1999. Victims are both Muslims and Christians. The APC believes that it can sweep seventeen of the nineteen northern states as well as the southwest. The episodes of mass killing structured or engineered by this extremism is enormous. The COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria: Citizens perception and the secondary impacts of COVID-19. Background: COVID-19 disease spread at an alarming rate, and was declared a pandemic within 5months from the first reported case. Josiah, BO, and Kantaris, M. Perception of COVID-19 and acceptance of vaccination in delta state Nigeria. Results: An acceptance rate of 56.2% was obtained among HCWs in Enugu metropolis. The minimum sample size was estimated to be 109, at a confidence interval of 95%. So Belief is fundamental and exerts great strength and psychological strength upon the individual in question. In a report published this week, Aid to the Church in Need sheds light on the escalating culture of impunity surrounding religious persecution worldwide. Personal identification of respondents was precluded from the study tool. The difference in religion translated to different political beliefs, causing tension between the two populations. Religion therefore pertains to God and belief, it is derived from; The term religio refers to four latin verbs, relegere, religare, reeligere, relinguere. This corresponds to findings among HCWs in Abia (19) and also with that of Uzochukwu et al. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Christian ethnic groups in Southern Nigeria have been drawn into these religious conflicts, with their members in Northern Nigerian cities frequently targeted by Muslim mobs. Received: 31 October 2022; Accepted: 31 May 2023; Published: 22 June 2023. Democratization and Islamic Law: The Sharia Conflict in Nigeria, "Religious Riots in Nigeria Leave Hundreds Dead", Obasanjo Assesses Riot Damage in Kano - 2001-10-16, On this day. Respondents were informed that their participation was voluntary and consent was implied by completion of the questionnaire. In the 1980s, the serious outbreak between Christians and Muslims occurred in Kafanchan in southern Kaduna State in a border area between the two religions, propagated by extreme leaders who were able to rally a young, educated group of individuals who feared that the nation would not be able to protect their religious group. In plateau one of the states in Nigeria, precisely, the capital of Jos. Modern Nigeria emerged through the merging of two British colonial territories in 1914. 7. WHO. Perhaps this degree of misinformation and fallacious declarations seen during this pandemic affected the level of confidence in the vaccines. (2021) 9:160. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9020160, 14. Subsequently, religion became a major topic of national political debates, with each religious community pushing increasingly adversarial agendas. In a nation bound with vast geographic and vast ethnic and religious differences, these religious differences aid conflict which is a basis . How Conflict in Nigeria Affects Poverty - The Borgen Project All the respondents confirmed that they had heard about COVID-19 vaccines. Fauci, AS, Lane, HC, and Redfield, RR. By: Mustapha, M, Lawal, BK, Shaaban, A, Jatau, AI, Wada, AS, Bala, AA, et al. <> The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. In a nation bound with vast geographic and vast ethnic and religious differences, these religious differences aid conflict which is a basis for showing religious biases and prejudices with the adherents being too fundamentalistic and extremistic in nature. Support The World's nuanced international coverage. Nigeria, in view, is a country blessed with vast geographical landmarks, a nation with vast ethnic groups and many dialects with major languages, English, Yoruba, Igbo and Hausa. Being created (first election), man is chosen again to enter into relationship with the creator (reeligere). The crisis originated from the killing of a Hausa woman by the Oro Masqueraders for violating traditional rites. %PDF-1.5 xFBI6Ex83x`cW"Qg~nRKZyTUW]nO7}>[su[|*wwo"byp|O8"^:qx!};{7kwvpsxT@xx`FrZ vr{|0"]@Ym$}X Democracy & Governance; Electoral Violence, 2301 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037Tel: +1.202.457.1700, About It could be taken as a repeated choice of what has been neither lost nor neglected. Prev Med. In 2019, Bari School (Kano state) educated 250 children, of which over half were girls, with 15 teachers.
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