It is an iterative process that sorts data in terms of the dependent variable into mutually exclusive categories based on the predictor or independent variable that causes the most effective split on the basis of a measure of similaritythat variable is selected first for the purpose of classification which produces highest similarity. Dharma shastras are smriti and provide legal opinion on religion and social matters. Impacts of these Attitudes Many Hindus still tend to have heterosexual marriages to fulfill their dharma (duty). There are no restrictions or limitations on the structure of independent variables included in classification modelling. On the whole, there are only four groups of currently married nonpregnant women aged 1549 years where the contraceptive prevalence is found to be more than 60percent although these four groups account for 58percent of all currently married, nonpregnant women aged 1549 years. Eur J Popul. Because of its sheer size, the pattern of contraceptive use in this group largely determines the pattern of contraceptive use in the country as a whole. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Hindu perceptions of disability On the other hand, women belonging to households with high and very high standard of living were further split on household standard of living into women belonging to households with high standard of living (3.3percent) and women belonging to households with very high standard of living (4.4percent). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies If the efficiency of the system is poor, any effort to embrace women to space births may largely remain nonproductive. India's 2000 Jul;70(1):77-86. doi: 10.1016/s0020-7292(00)00225-3. 2017 Aug;56(4):1263-1281. doi: 10.1007/s10943-013-9817-8. These differences in the contraceptive use pattern have important programmatic implementations particularly in the context of universal access to family planning and universal adoption of small family norm. Future increases in contraceptive prevalence in India will be contingent upon meeting family planning needs of young married women who are in the process of building their family and not the family planning needs of women who have completed their family building process. View your signed in personal account and access account management features. But don't expect a miracle, he warns, because the change will be slow. "The only disability in life is a bad attitude" (1) Hinduism is a religious tradition of Indian origin. These women also constitute the largest group accounting for more than 43percent of all currently married, nonpregnant women aged 1549 years. Enter your library card number to sign in. Contraception is one of the proximate determinants of fertility and the most important predictor of fertility transition [1, 2]. Prevalence of different contraceptive methods and contraceptive method mix varies widely across these categories as may be seen from Table 1. Similarly, the influence of residence has also been found to be confined to educated Muslim women belonging to households with high to very high standard of living. An official website of the United States government. From the policy and programme perspective, the findings of the analysis are significant. L. Breiman, J. Friedman, R. A. Olshen, and C. J. American Baptist Churches in the U.S.A. Recognizing the different views on abortion among its members, the American Baptist Churches General Board encourages women and couples considering the procedure to seek spiritual counsel as they prayerfully and conscientiously consider their decision.. So I told him that sterilisation would be better than taking these blighted pills," she said. The article states that Hinduism accepts the sacred scriptures of the "shruti" whom are respected authorities revealed by God to man and the "smrities" which are divine recollections of revealed truth. The contraceptive method mix is heavily skewed towards terminal methods among rural women; among women belonging to poorest, poor, and middle income households; and among Hindu women. T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani, and J. Friedman, The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2008. Contraceptive prevalence in the first group was 36percent compared to 8percent in the second group. Contraception and menstruation. The pattern of contraceptive use has been found to be highly sensitive to household standard of living irrespective of the number of surviving children and religion. National Library of Medicine of the total process of human development. Contraceptive prevalence in the first group was 48.9percent compared to 58.6percent in the second group. Across different religions, contraceptive prevalence has been found to be the lowest among Muslim women but the highest among Hindu women. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. All these women have at least two surviving children and they belong to households with at least average standard of living irrespective of their religion. During the survey, information related to contraceptive use by the woman or her husband was collected along with their selected social, economic, cultural, and demographic characteristics from more than 604 thousand currently married women aged 1549 years. Careers. The contraceptive method mix also varies across the 13 groups of women identified through classification modelling which suggests that preferences and choices of the 13 groups of women as regards use of contraception vary widely (see Table 5).At least 80 percent of Hindu women, having at least two surviving children and belonging to households with low and very low Education and literacy have increased the acceptance of modern There is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. "He said it may impact your health adversely," the 27-year-old mother-of-three told me on the phone from her home on the outskirts of the northern Indian city of Lucknow. Among Hindu women and women of other religions belonging to households with at least average standard of living, the prevalence of contraception is found to be the highest among all women groups identified in the present analysis. Contraceptive prevalence in the first group was 24.6percent compared to 46.5percent in the second group. United Nations, Update for the MDG Database: Contraceptive Prevalence, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, New York, NY, USA, 2012. "This helped improve male engagement to some extent. GCSE Religious Studies A 8062 Teaching guide: ethical issues: Paper 2 Thematic studies Our GCSE Religious Studies (8062) requires students to be aware of differences within and/or between religions and beliefs. Religion and the Decision to Use Contraception in India books, behavior 2016 Mar 15;16:265. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-2938-8. The Right to Family Planning, Contraception, and Abortion in Thai A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. At the second level, women having either no or one surviving child were split again on the number of surviving children into women having one surviving child (14.8percent) and women having no surviving child (8.5 percent). We apply CART decision tree algorithm to identify women with distinct social, economic, cultural, and demographic characteristics who have different contraceptive use pattern and then analyse how the pattern of contraceptive use varies across these groups. In 2019, Rajasthan started calling husbands to these meetings and a year later it was introduced in Uttar Pradesh. On the other hand, Muslim women belonging to households with at least average standard of living were further split on womens years of schooling into women with no schooling (2.9percent) and women with some schooling irrespective of number of years of schooling (3.3percent). 2020 Aug 17;17(1):126. doi: 10.1186/s12978-020-00981-0. The highly skewed contraceptive method mix in India is reflected from the fact that almost 68percent of contraceptive users in the country had adopted terminal methods of contraception, while only about one-fifth were using a modern spacing method. Religion and family planning 7, no. The couple considered whether it was her husband who should instead get the procedure done. Contraceptive use ranged from just about 8percent among women having no surviving child to more than 68percent among women with at least two surviving children. Does India really have more women than men? More than two-third of these women are practising contraception and, among the users, three-fourth have adopted terminal methods of contraception to stop childbearing. We saw that some men started accompanying their wives for counselling sessions, but they were still reluctant to use contraception.". The survey also saw 50% of men in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Telangana states saying that "contraception is women's business and a man should not have to worry about it". J Relig Health. Bookshelf This inequality is the result of both size of the group and the pattern of contraceptive use in each group. Contraceptive prevalence in the first group was 40percent compared to almost 59percent in the second group. A leading social anthropologist and founder of the Center for Advanced Studies in Sociology at Delhi University presents a Hindu view on teachings about birth and population control. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. Because both a man and a woman contribute to a pregnancy, they should jointly decide whether to use contraception. In 2016, he says, a pilot project was rolled out in 148 districts across India where mothers-in-law and daughters-in-law were called to talk about family planning. Teenagers, commercial For things to really change, it's this attitude that needs to change first, says Abhinav Pandey, who led a research project from 2017-2019 in five states - Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Rajasthan - on the unequal burden of family planning methods on women. Teaching guide: ethical issues: Paper 2 Thematic "There is research going on across the world to find long-term reversible contraception for men, but there is nothing in the basket at the moment.". Read more. Dr Kumari says in the first instance, she advocates only long-term reversible contraception, not permanent sterilisation. The National Planning Committee of the Indian National Congress advocated family planning and birth limiting since 1935. The Right to Family Planning, Contraception, and AbortionThe of PIP: By Chellapa Deva. The present analysis suggests that contraceptive preferences of different groups of women are quite different. Another advantage of CART is that results of the analysis are not at all affected by outliers, colinearity, heteroscedasticity, or distributional error structures that normally affect parametric procedures. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241342. Today we have combined oral contraceptives. Similarly, inequality in contraceptive users across households with different standard of living and religious groups is also evident from the analysis. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 2023 BBC. THE MUSEUM OF MENSTRUATION Accessibility women in menstrual hygiene ads, gynecological taught in the Bhagavad Gita (111.20), the most popular Hindu scripture. Moreover, contraceptive practice in India is known to be very heavily skewed towards terminal methods which means that contraception in India is practised primarily for birth limitation rather than birth planning. The conventional approach of analysing determinants of contraceptive use has been exploring the effect of a given characteristic of women on the use of different contraceptive methods using a number of statistical procedures, the most common of which is the logistic regression on the basis of individual level data [1619]. Primitive, preliterate societies practiced infanticide and abortion. Resilience, tipping, and hydra effects in public health: emergent collective behavior in two agent-based models. According to Tosefta Yevamot, men are prohibited from using any form of contraception. contraception in Hinduism by alisha s - Prezi 5368, 2013. Every node in the tree represents a test of some case attributes. In 16 nodes, the classification variable was no use and in 8 nodes use of terminal methods. In only one node, the classification variable was use of modern spacing methods. The classification process correctly classified about 63percent of nonusers and almost 80percent of users of terminal methods. This means that the family planning services delivery system in the country is relatively more effective in meeting birth limitation needs of women rather than birth spacing needs. Among women with one surviving child, contraceptive prevalence varies by household standard of living and, in one category, by womens years of schooling but not by religion or residence or husbands years of schooling. The effect of religion is limited to women with at least two surviving children, whereas household standard of living influences all women except women with no surviving child. However, most Hindus accept that there is a duty to have a family during the householder stage of life, and so are unlikely to use contraception to avoid having children altogether. Disclaimer. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Similarly, women with one surviving child account for around 15percent of all women but just 9percent of all contraceptive users. Hindu Religion Views On Birth Control Family Planning At least 80percent of Hindu women, having at least two surviving children and belonging to households with low and very low standard of living, were using a terminal method of contraception compared to only about 5percent of Hindu women belonging to households with very high standard of living and having one surviving child. and transmitted securely. Prevalence of contraception in different groups of women. Similarly, more than half of the users having either no or one surviving child were using a modern spacing method, while around 40percent were using a traditional method. Greek medical literature reported a hollow tube inserted through the cervix into the uterus and a potion as contraceptives. 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Barrier contraception: a comprehensive overview. "I had heavy bleeding, my head would spin, I had blackouts and I was listless and tired all the time. Something went wrong. Application of CART does not assume any kind of statistical distribution of the variables included in the analysis. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The belief in "karma" or reincarnation was once considered to be antagonistic to the practice of contraception and birth control. At the third level, Muslim women were split on household standard of living into women belonging to households with very low and low standard of living (2.7percent) and women belonging to households with at least average standard of living (6.2percent). Adoption or limiting family size to 1-2 children is resorted to when there is no apparent male heir. Compared to the number of surviving children, importance of husband education was found to be less than 6percent while that of the residence was less than 2percent (Table 3). Brihadaranyaka Upanishad spells out a method of The site is secure. For example, women with no surviving child account for more than 8percent of all women included in the analysis but only about 1percent of all contraceptive users. In this paper, we analyse the pattern of contraceptive use in India through data mining approach. Contraceptive prevalence in the first group was 61.5percent compared to 67.6percent in the urban areas. 2022 Aug;89(3):287-297. doi: 10.1177/00243639211040589. Orthodox sections of Judaism permit women to use certain methods of birth control, especially when necessary to protect the mothers health. PMC 335364, 2010. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies 106-107). There is no objection to contraception on religious or moral Ready, Willing, and Able: Contraceptive Use Patterns Across Europe. The Classical Hindu View on Abortion and the Moral Status of the. See below. Religious and Cultural Influences on Contraception - ResearchGate 1993 Jun;8(6):969-76. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138176. Section 3 outlines the method while Section 4 presents the classification tree of contraceptive use. The independent variables included number of surviving children (0, 1, 2, and >2), household standard of living (very low, low, average, high, and very high), religion (Hindu, Muslim, and others), years of schooling of the women and their husbands (0, 18, 912, and >12), and residence (rural and urban). The classification table generated through the application of CRT subroutine is given in Table 2. In rural areas, government health workers are almost all females who deliver condoms to people's homes but they have little access to men. 172181, 2003. A Hindu View On Abortion. But it was not a "foolproof method" and when she conceived - twice - she took over-the-counter abortion pills. v t e Abortion in Hinduism, while generally sinful by traditional Hindu scriptures, can be interpreted equivocally within the vast spectrum of Hindu beliefs and texts. CART (Classification and regression tree) is a nonparametric technique that can select from a large number of variables those variables and their interaction that are most important in determining the outcome variable to be explained [10]. It is believed to be biased in favor of big families and male offspring, which resulted in the phenomenon of people breeding to the limit. B. M. Ramesh, S. C. Gulati, and R. Retherford, Contraceptive Use in India: 1992-93, East-West Population Centre, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 1996. These rights allow couples to prevent pregnancy. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! It makes no assumption about the distribution of dependent or independent variables. niddah, Jewish The challenge is how to classify contraceptive use pattern on the basis of a selected set of characteristics of acceptors. Contraceptive prevalence in the first group was 39.2percent compared to 51.9 percent in the second group. PIP: For women, she says, long-term contraception comes in the form of intrauterine devices or pills, but there is nothing similar available for men. Jul 14, 2022. There was no further splitting of Muslim women belonging to households with very low and low standard of living as the desired level of purity was achieved. exhibit, Religin y The overall proportion of correct classification was around 59percent. Religious and cultural influences on contraception - PubMed The most important characteristic of women influencing the contraceptive use was the number of surviving children, while the least was the residence. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal hieroglyphics, Australian Prevalence of contraception in currently married, nonpregnant women aged 1549 years in India. 211235, 1956. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. Contraceptive use has also been found to be relatively high among urban as compared to rural women. "But I told him no," Ms Sharma said. There is a large number of methods that are available for the purpose [8, 9]. 1999 Jan;59(1 Suppl):7S-10S. Judaism imposes an obligation to have children, although love and companionship are deemed an equally important goal of marriage. With few women aware that abortions are legal in India, Ms Yadav says, women turn to over-the-counter abortion pills or permanent sterilisation - like Ranjani Sharma did.
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