We also note, as others have, that children themselves often place substantial value on sibling connections and their perspective should not be discounted. If siblings have a negative relationship or if the older sibling is a poor role model, then placement of siblings together may encourage negative behavior from both siblings. First, children may experience harm if safe, secure, and mutually beneficial sibling relationships are disturbed. Although there is no standard definition of a small sample, foster children have a variety of characteristics, experiences, and outcomes. Demographics, placement history, behavior problems at interview, foster home integration. In addition, we identified only nine longitudinal studies addressing sibling placement and child wellbeing. Table 6 includes 18 studies on sibling placement and placement stability in foster care. In contrast, among children in foster care for a longer amount of time at the beginning of the study, those placed with siblings were equally or less likely to report feeling close to or liking living with foster parents. For example, quantitative data on this same classroom of students can include the following:\r\n
- \r\n\t
- \r\n
Each child's height in inches
\r\n \r\n\t - \r\n
Each child's weight in pounds
\r\n \r\n\t - \r\n
The number of siblings each child has
\r\n \r\n\t - \r\n
The number of words each child spelled correctly on the most recent spelling test
\r\n \r\n
You can identify quantitative data by noticing that it links a number to each member of the data set. However, Leathers (2005) model demonstrated poor fit and was based on a smaller and narrower sample than Akin (2011). However, children placed with all siblings were more likely to move placements due to risk of abuse. Studies were excluded if they focused solely on post-adoption outcomes of former foster children (Berge et al., 2006; Cossar & Neil, 2013; Saunders & Selwyn, 2012; Selwyn, 2019), parent-child relationships, sibling contact, sibling policy, or sibling groups not in foster care (Church & Moe, 2015; Cooper, 2013; Gardner, 1996, 2004; Grigsby, 1994; Meyers, 2014; Mosek, 2013; P. Parker & McLaven, 2018). 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Mark Zegarelli is a professional writer with degrees in both English and Math from Rutgers University. Figure 1: Presence of parents and siblings in the household. 1. As shown in Table 1, most quantitative articles that met inclusion criteria were found in Google Scholar, though many were found in multiple databases. Of course, studies on stability and permanency are usually longitudinal as the outcomes constitute events (e.g., placement change, exit from care) which must be observed over time. The number of words each child spelled correctly on the most recent spelling test. American Academy of Pediatrics, HealthyChildren.org: Types of Sibling Relationships, CNN Health: Its National Siblings Day! Revisiting Conventional Wisdom: What Do We Know from 30 Vinnerljung B, Sallns M, & Berlin M (2017). Two studies examined academic outcomes (Hegar & Rosenthal, 2009, 2011). Second, pursuant to the Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act of 2008, agencies must now document reasons for sibling separation. SOLVED: Which statement below best describes the data Research evidence on when sibling placement is harmful is critical, given that even in cases of sibling abuse, the sibling relationship may be prioritized over child safety. Number of siblings 3. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Whether it's to pass that big test, qualify for that big promotion or even master that cooking technique; people who rely on dummies, rely on it to learn the critical skills and relevant information necessary for success. Lastly, C8 reports how often each review was cited (if available) from Google Scholar. Herrick and Piccus described feelings of loss and intense desire for their old life with their siblings. We restricted the search to English-language works with dates between 1/1/1990 and 12/31/2019. From each review, we extracted the references that were cited as evidence on the effects of sibling placement or separation. Kothari BH, Godlewski B, McBeath B, McGee M, Waid J, Lipscomb S, & Bank L (2018b). Sattler KMP, Font SA, & Gershoff ET (2018). We sought to assess the extent to which review articles conclusions were based on research on sibling or familial relationships in non-foster care populations versus empirical evidence specific to the foster care context. Some children were not told they would be separated from their siblings until they arrived at the foster homes. A locked padlock Quantitative. Classify the variable as qualitative or quantitative. Number Only two of the five studies on permanency consider permanency outcomes other than reunification. Identifying the sources of heterogeneity in sibling placement effects will provide agencies guidance for how to assess the risks and benefits of sibling placement, and to provide support and monitoring to sibling placements where children are at risk for adverse outcomes. Three of the 18 studies found that sibling separation was associated with a lower risk of disruption (George, 1970; Leathers, 2006; Vinnerljung et al., 2017). Webnow a number of siblings. On average, review articles cited less than half of the quantitative longitudinal studies published on their topic two or more years prior to the publication of the review. These factors may include inter-sibling abuse, negative sibling relationships, or different levels of need within the sibling group (i.e., one sibling requires a more restrictive placement). The site is secure. Three were more circumspect about the ability to draw conclusions from available evidence (Oosterman et al., 2007; Shlonsky et al., 2005; Waid, 2014). Waid (2014) presents two alternative theoriesbioecological and social learning theory, but failed to explain how the theories apply to sibling placement; however, other researchers have used both theories to address sibling placement, specifically James and colleagues (2008). Therefore, we were unable to assess the potential for bias or missing information in the authors search criteria. What explains instability in foster care? Dozens of individual research studies and literature reviews have been published on the topic of sibling placement for children in foster care, and a vast majority of research reviews assert that keeping siblings together is beneficial for children. In contrast, Waid and colleagues (2017) found no differences by sibling placement in childrens positive feelings toward the foster family or feelings of being integrated into their foster home. Linares LO, Jimenez J, Nesci C, Pearson E, Beller S, Edwards N, & Levin-Rector A (2015). 13, Finally, whenever possible, children should preferably be placed with kin and together with their siblings. Pg. If siblings placed fully intact (versus fully separated): Temporary Family Care (TFC) programs in Barnardos, Australia: not specified, OLS regression; measured at entry and at exit; tracked for 18 months, Demographics, biological mother age/educ, reason in care, NCFAS-R scores at placement entry/exit, Unnamed U.S. North Pacific Region; survey and administrative data: 20102015, Latent growth curve modeling, tracked for 18 months, Demographics, age order, treatment group, child behavior, placement history, kinship care, No statistically significant difference by sibling placement in feeling positively towards foster caregivers or feeling integrated into foster household, 3 Oregon Metropolitan regions; survey and administrative education data: 20092015, Hierarchical linear or logistic regression; tracked for 18 to 24 months, Demographics, learning disability, school mobility, kinship care, treatment (larger study was RCT), If siblings placed together (versus apart), children had fewer discipline events at school, including in-school suspension, truancy/attendance violation, out-of-school suspension, and expulsion, Demographics, placement history, behavior problems at interview, foster home integration, no. Leathers (2005) combined adoption and guardianship into a single category and found higher odds of adoption/guardianship among intact (versus separated) sibling groups. 294, Separation of siblings was associated with instability in a majority of studies. Pg. In our tables, we report the results of the studys final model (with all included statistical controls) where available. Key information extracted from all studies was: years and location for data collection (also noting where multiple studies used the same raw data); sample size and age composition, length of study follow-up, primary method of analysis, statistical controls used, and results. Yet, readers lacking a strong background in psychology may be unaware that these studies largely focus on parent-child relationships and do not consider the special context of foster care. Many of the longitudinal studies still had significant limitations, with many lacking any baseline measures that would adjust for differential selection into sibling placement. Sarah Font, Department of Sociology and Criminology, Penn State University. Leathers found no association between sibling placement and negative placement outcomes upon exiting foster care. In addition, there are serious concerns about selection bias that go unaddressed. Poverty Status, Food Stamp Receipt, and Public Assistance for Children Under 18 Years by Selected Characteristics: 2022, find PRESENCE OF SIBLINGS, Publication: Living Arrangements of Children: 2019 (February 2022), America Counts Story: More Children Live With Half Siblings Than Previously Thought (January 2020), see Figure 1 below, Census Working Papers / Family Complexity and Child Well-Being (October 2019), Poster: Family Complexity and Child Well-Being (October 2019), Supplemental PowerPoint Slides: Family Complexity and Children's Extracurricular Involvement and School Outcomes. Nevertheless, differences in child behavior were typically statistically non-significant when behavior was reported by foster parents, youth, or teachers. Measurement and correlates of foster care placement moves. To our knowledge, two studies (Kothari et al., 2018; Waid et al., 2017) have assessed associations between sibling placement and child wellbeing using U.S. data from after the enactment of the federal policy requiring reasonable efforts to keep siblings together (Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act, 2008). The review articles included in this study were aimed toward a variety of audiences: some were research-focused, whereas others had a practical or clinical emphasis. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Understanding Qualitative, Quantitative, Attribute, Discrete, and Placement disruption in long-term kinship and nonkinship foster care. We used four inclusion criteria for quantitative research studies. A requirement to incorporate this documentation as a categorical data field in state and federal administrative databases would allow for estimates of how often sibling separation is necessary for safety or wellbeing reasons, and how often separation occurs due to difficulty identifying placements that will accept sibling groups. The majority of studies used as evidence were empirical research studies (range 7 to 21 citations). Bivariate analysis; tracked for 5 years; analysis based case records, Children who were always separated from siblings (versus consistently together or inconsistently together) were more likely to have a successful placement (, Two unspecified England towns and a county; questionnaires and agency records: 1961/631968, Bivariate analysis; tracked for 5 years; based on no. In addition, review articles paid scant attention to measurement bias: specifically, the source of information on outcome measures. In addition, a positive sibling relationship was associated with better child wellbeing, regardless of whether siblings were placed together. Consequently, our review can largely conclude only that there is no consistent evidence of an effect of sibling placement. for other placement settings, associations between sibling placement and non-progress move depended on outcome measure, less likely to experience child-initiated disruption, more likely to experience substandard care disruption within 2 years. Although both studies used the same dataset, Hegar and Rosenthal (2009) included children without siblings in the placed alone group and combined partially and entirely intact sibling groups, whereas Hegar and Rosenthal (2011) excluded children without siblings and distinguished between fully intact and partially intact sibling groups. Second, although we emphasize key limitations of studies samples, measurements, and methods we did not use a standardized tool (e.g., Robin-I; Sterne et al., 2016) to evaluate risk of bias. Number of siblings. prior moves. In, We are family: Sibling relationships in placement and beyond, Sibling placement in foster care and adoption: An overview of international research, Kinship care and sibling placement: Child behavior, family relationships, and school outcomes, Foster children placed with or separated from siblings: Outcomes based on a national sample. However, this criterion was important for the review of wellbeing outcomes, as many studies measured sibling placement and child wellbeing concurrently. 2 regional Dutch Foster Care Organizations agency records: not specified, No bivariate differences between planned and unplanned termination of placement; sibling placement not included in multivariate logistic model, Northwestern State, administrative data and SIBS-FC study: not specified, Logistic regression; tracked for 18 months, Sibling relationship quality, home integration, behavioral issues, no. If siblings placed together, greater number of negative symptoms while in foster care and at discharge including diagnoses of mental disorder, behavioral issues, or criminal behavior. Browse our collection of stories and more. We cannot conclude, however, that there is consistent evidence of no effect of sibling placement. If placed together: more likely to have failed placement than if placed partially or completely separate, more likely that neither sibling changes placements, less likely one sibling changes placements and the other does not. If siblings have a positive relationship and the older sibling is a good role model, then placement together may encourage better behavior from both siblings. Notably, sample characteristics varied widely across studies. Yet, a critical and extensive assessment of the quality of evidence, and the inferences that can be drawn from it, remains lacking. 731, While we advocate for a constitutionally protected right of association among siblings based on our read of the scarce extant literature, case law, and on moral principle, it is unknown whether such an approach will result in optimal outcomes for children. Web- Qualitative variables are those that describe qualities or characteristics, such as colors, genders, or types of animals. Anna DiGiovanni, Department of Sociology and Criminology, Penn State University. For example, in a class of students, Many of the literature reviews relied on research evidence from non-foster care samples and studies with weak methodologies. - Quantitative variables are those that measure quantities The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Sibling placements: A review of the literature. Solved Identify the type of data (qualitative/quantitative) Adolescents' needs for information and - Wiley Online Library If siblings consistently placed together: California; administrative records: 20002001, GEE and logistic regression; up to 12 months follow-up, Demographics, removal reason, placement type, no. There are 4 levels of measurement: Nominal: the data can only be categorized Ordinal: the data can be categorized and ranked Interval: the data can be categorized, ranked, and evenly spaced Ratio: the data can be categorized, ranked, Linares LO, Li M, Shrout PE, Brody GH, & Pettit GS (2007). Estimates suggest that 6070% of children in foster care have at least one sibling in care with them (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2013). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Leathers (2006), indirectly studied childs behavior by examining whether the child exited into a residential treatment center, juvenile detention center, prison, or ran away. Siblings and out-of-home placement: Best practices, Sibling connections and reasonable efforts in public child welfare, Harrison C (1999). The imprecision in studies estimates due to sample size or heterogeneity may result in false negatives, where no clear conclusion can be drawn. Linares and colleagues (2007) found that when the sibling relationship was strong and positive, sibling placement may promote child wellbeing, but where the relationship was negative, joint placement was associated with more negative outcomes. Author: HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURT. What is the explanatory variable? Participants include 36 siblings with TH (M age = 11.6 years) of CI users (M age = 11.9 years) who completed quantitative measures of their perspectives of their FAMILY COMPLEXITY MEASURES: Number of siblings, Type of siblings (Biological, Step, Half, Adopted), and Parents in the home (Two parents, Mother only, Father only, Guardian). This requirement is, in part, a response to research on the importance of sibling relationships for child wellbeing. Yet, no quantitative study accounted for why siblings were separated as part of a multivariate regression (likely because such information is unavailable or poorly documented), so it is possible that negative associations between sibling separation and child outcomes are driven by the experiences or events that led to sibling separation. In those instances, we extracted the results of the interaction models. The standards focus on students developing understanding of categorical data in kindergarten through grade three; in grade two, students begin to also learn about measurement data. Classify the variable as qualitative or quantitative. N=12, ages 7 to 14; interviews with children. of siblings, frequency of maternal visits. Notably, due to limited empirical evidence discussed, two reviews were excluded from our citation extracting process (F. Ainsworth & Maluccio, 2002; Shlonsky, Bellamy, Elkins, & Ashare, 2005). Fourth, we limit our review of quantitative research to longitudinal studies. (Note: Child Welfare Information Gateway issued a similar review in 2013; we included only the 2019 version). Siblings were characterized as people that children can rely on, are connected to, and fulfills them. Due to publication bias, our exclusion of unpublished work may underrepresent null research findings relative to positive or negative research findings. Holtan A, Handegrd BH, Thrnblad R, & Vis SA (2013).
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